Racism against Black people has a profound impact on daily life in the U.S. Although law can serve as an instrument of justice, historically it has often been used in the U.S. to maintain racial oppression, providing the basis for plantation slavery, black codes, Jim Crow laws, mass incarceration, and other forms of systemic discrimination. While popular accounts present the history of race in the U.S. as a progression toward greater emancipation, with the civil rights era marking a fundamental break from the past, racism has successfully adapted and persisted despite resistance movements and consequent reforms. The resilience of racism in the U.S. can be explained by its ability to manifest itself across a continuum of laws, legal precedents, and cultural narratives employed over time to dehumanize, exploit, and brutalize Black people.